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"What are stomata and why are they important?"
Stomata are openings in the surface of a leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to pass in and out of the leaf. Guard cells are cells that surround the opening that allow it to open and close the stomata. There are more stomata on the bottom of a leaf than the top because the openings allow water to escape from the leaf. Since the bottom of the leaf is shaded, less water is lost out of the bottom of the leaf. |
CELL RESPIRATION: Click here to see the animations that we watched in class.
Glycolysis:
Glucose (sugar) enters this reaction.
The glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules.
This happens in the cytoplasm of the cell.
2 ATP (energy) molecules are used to split the molecule, and 4 ATP molecules are made.
--So there are 2 ATP molecules are made total
Krebs Cycle:
The 2 pyruvate molecules from Glycolysis enter the reaction.
The molecules are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2) which is exhaled, or breathed out.
NADH molecules are also used, which are used later to make energy.
This happens in the mitochondria.
4 NADH and 1 ATP molecules are made.
Electron Transport System:
NADH from the Krebs Cycle enters this reaction.
Electrons from NADH combine with protons and oxygen (which you breath in) to make water.
In the membrane of the mitochondria, electrons from the NADH are used for energy to pump protons to the inside of the membrane. This makes a concentration gradient, like water behind a dam. The protons go through a channel and power the reaction that makes ATP. Just like a turbine in a dam.
This makes a LOT of ATP!
Glycolysis:
Glucose (sugar) enters this reaction.
The glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules.
This happens in the cytoplasm of the cell.
2 ATP (energy) molecules are used to split the molecule, and 4 ATP molecules are made.
--So there are 2 ATP molecules are made total
Krebs Cycle:
The 2 pyruvate molecules from Glycolysis enter the reaction.
The molecules are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2) which is exhaled, or breathed out.
NADH molecules are also used, which are used later to make energy.
This happens in the mitochondria.
4 NADH and 1 ATP molecules are made.
Electron Transport System:
NADH from the Krebs Cycle enters this reaction.
Electrons from NADH combine with protons and oxygen (which you breath in) to make water.
In the membrane of the mitochondria, electrons from the NADH are used for energy to pump protons to the inside of the membrane. This makes a concentration gradient, like water behind a dam. The protons go through a channel and power the reaction that makes ATP. Just like a turbine in a dam.
This makes a LOT of ATP!
"How do plants make their own food?"
Plants use photosynthesis to make their food. They do this by taking in carbon dioxide from the air through the leaves and water through the roots. They then use the energy from sunlight to rearrange the molecules into glucose (sugar) and make oxygen as a waste product. The oxygen is released to the air through the leaves.
"What is the basic equation for this reaction?"
Carbon dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) --> Glucose + Oxygen (O2)
Plants use photosynthesis to make their food. They do this by taking in carbon dioxide from the air through the leaves and water through the roots. They then use the energy from sunlight to rearrange the molecules into glucose (sugar) and make oxygen as a waste product. The oxygen is released to the air through the leaves.
"What is the basic equation for this reaction?"
Carbon dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) --> Glucose + Oxygen (O2)
"What are the chances of having a boy or girl."
Since males have an X and Y chromosome (XY) and females have two X's (XX), we can use the following Punnett Square to find the chances of having a girl or boy.
Since males have an X and Y chromosome (XY) and females have two X's (XX), we can use the following Punnett Square to find the chances of having a girl or boy.
"Why is it important to have a large sample size when doing research in regards to the probably outcome?"
The larger the sample size, the closer you get to the probably outcome. If you were to flip a coin to simulate the odds of having a boy or girl, you would get closer to the 50%-50% results if you flipped the coin 200 times compared to only flipping it 10 times.
For example, observe this information from http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/people/a_gender.html:
According to Census 2000, 281.4 million people were counted in the United States — 143.4 million of whom were female and 138.1 million male. The former made up 50.9 percent of the population, compared with 51.3 percent in 1990.
These values are very close to 50%. The world population is about 6,830,568,985. 50.5% are males and 49.5% are females. This is even closer to the 50%-50% ratio because the sample size is larger.
The larger the sample size, the closer you get to the probably outcome. If you were to flip a coin to simulate the odds of having a boy or girl, you would get closer to the 50%-50% results if you flipped the coin 200 times compared to only flipping it 10 times.
For example, observe this information from http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/people/a_gender.html:
According to Census 2000, 281.4 million people were counted in the United States — 143.4 million of whom were female and 138.1 million male. The former made up 50.9 percent of the population, compared with 51.3 percent in 1990.
These values are very close to 50%. The world population is about 6,830,568,985. 50.5% are males and 49.5% are females. This is even closer to the 50%-50% ratio because the sample size is larger.
Genetic Definitions:
Phenotype: The observed characteristics determined by an individual's genes.
Genotype: The combination of genes for a given trait
DNA: A molecule in the nucleus of cells that holds the code, or instructions, for how an organism is made
Chromosome: A condensed molecule of DNA. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Gene: A portion of DNA that codes for a certain trait
Allele: A form of a gene. For each trait, there may be different alleles, or forms, of the gene. For example, red or white flower colors are different alleles.
Heterozygous: Having two different forms, or alleles, for a given trait. Such as having a dominant and recessive allele.
Homozygous: Having two of the same alleles for a trait. Such as two dominant or two recessive alleles.
Dominant trait: A trait that is observed over other traits. If there is a recessive trait, it is hidden by a dominant trait.
Recessive trait: A trait that is only observed when there are two recessive alleles. A recessive trait is hidden by a dominant trait.
Phenotype: The observed characteristics determined by an individual's genes.
Genotype: The combination of genes for a given trait
DNA: A molecule in the nucleus of cells that holds the code, or instructions, for how an organism is made
Chromosome: A condensed molecule of DNA. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Gene: A portion of DNA that codes for a certain trait
Allele: A form of a gene. For each trait, there may be different alleles, or forms, of the gene. For example, red or white flower colors are different alleles.
Heterozygous: Having two different forms, or alleles, for a given trait. Such as having a dominant and recessive allele.
Homozygous: Having two of the same alleles for a trait. Such as two dominant or two recessive alleles.
Dominant trait: A trait that is observed over other traits. If there is a recessive trait, it is hidden by a dominant trait.
Recessive trait: A trait that is only observed when there are two recessive alleles. A recessive trait is hidden by a dominant trait.
"How is the genotype for a homozygous dominant individual written?"
This is written as two capital letters, such as AA.
This is written as two capital letters, such as AA.